Binge Drinking on America’s Campuses Essay - 2458 Words

Binge drinking is rampant on today’s colleges and university campuses. Binge drinking is defined as, five or more drinks for a man at any one time, four or more drinks for a woman (Thompson, J.J. 63). A recent survey revealed that almost half of college students engage in binge drinking, and half of those who binge drink do so regularly (McCormick, John; Kalb, Claudia 89). It is not the half that drinks responsibly that needs programs targeting them; it is the other half of students that engage in binge drinking. This paper aims to discuss both the scope of binge drinking on the campuses of America’s colleges and universities and techniques used to combat it. At the same time America has managed to keep the same percentage of its†¦show more content†¦6). The statistics are alarming, yet most students still are not listening. In addition, A higher percentage of binge drinkers than non-binge drinkers reported having experienced alcohol-related problems since the beginning of the school year. Frequent binge drinkers were 22 times more likely than non-binge drinkers to have: â€Å" º Missed Class  º Fallen Behind in School Work  º Engaged in Unplanned Sexual Activity  º Not Used Protection When Having Sex  º Damaged Property  º Gotten in Trouble With Campus Police  º Been Hurt or Injured  º Driven a Car After Drinking  º Used Other Drugs (Booze News pars. 1-15).† In addition, 90% of all violence on college campuses is alcohol related, 80% of all males who commit date rape on college campuses are drunk or have been drinking, 55% of all victims of college date rape/rape are drunk or have been drinking, 55% of all successful suicides on college campuses begin with a drink, and the number one cause of death for all males from the ages of 16 to 25 are all alcohol related incidents (Booze News pars. 1-15). This is clear and disgusting evidence of bothShow MoreRelated Binge Drinking On Americas Campuses Essay2203 Words   |  9 PagesBinge Drinking on Americas Campuses On any Friday or Saturday night, the average college student is usually drinking, dancing and out having fun. They typically party with friends at fraternity parties, bars, and clubs; and unfortunately most of these students are underage, consuming excessive amounts of alcohol or Binge Drinking. Binge drinking results in several detrimental outcomes, some are even fatal. Today this type of drinking is rampant on educational campuses everywhere. Large andRead MoreBinge Drinking on Americas Campuses2308 Words   |  10 PagesBinge Drinking on America s Campuses On any Friday or Saturday night, the average college student is usually drinking, dancing and out having fun. 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Its common to hear the argument â€Å"If someone is old enough to take a bullet for their country, they should be allowed to drink alcohol.† But is that enough justification? Some would say no. â€Å"According to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) it is estimated that in 2004 there were more than 1,700 student deaths, 599,000 injuries, and 696,000 assaults annually

Salem Witch Trials Socioeconomics, Religion, and Fear

SIENA HEIGHTS UNIVERSITY THE SALEM WITCH TRIALS: SOCIOECONOMICS, RELIGION, AND FEAR A PAPER SUBMITTED TO SISTER JEANNE LEFEBVRE FOR HISTORIOGRAPHY AND METHODOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY BY NICHOLAS KNEZEVICH ADRIAN, MICHIGAN MAY 2006 Abstract The Salem Witch Trials were caused by socioeconomic problems that were intertwined with the fabric that held early American life together: religion. Puritanisms lack of set doctrine lent itself to the possibility of corrupt leadership. In 1692 this is exactly what happened. Frightened by the possibility of losing his position as preacher to the Salem Village, Samuel Parris exploited the gravest fear that was held by people of that time period: Satan and witches. The†¦show more content†¦Accusation after accusation was made in an attempt to root out the evil that had taken hold of the New England area and threatened life as they knew it. The first to be afflicted was Abigail Williams, followed closely by Elizabeth Parris and Ann Putnam Jr. Baffled by the symptoms that plagued these girls, Doctor William Griggs was called to come to Salem in mid-February to see if he could remedy the problem. After much examination and deliberation he concluded that there was no medical answer for the problem at hand and therefore witchcraft was at fault. The girls were approached and intensively questioned about the witchcraft, Elizabeth named the Parris slave Tituba as the one who afflicted her, Tituba confessed, but only after Samuel Parris beat her . In late February, the other girls named Sarah Good and Sarah Osborne as their afflicters, and warrants were issued for the arrest of Tituba, Good, and Osborne . Over the next several months, both the afflicted and the accusations grew enormously. In May of that year the Court of Oyer and Terminer was created to deal with the accusations and to find and execute the witches. Bridget Bishop was the first person to be tried and convicted of witchcraft, and was sentenced to death and hung onShow MoreRelatedHistorical Journalism At The Salem Witch Trials863 Words   |  4 PagesHistorical Journalism at the Salem Witch Trials The Salem Witch Trials are one of the best known outbreaks of hysteria and fear in American history. This event began when Betty Parris, who was a daughter of Salem’s church’s minister, and Abigail Williams, who was her cousin, experiences several occasions of odd, violent behavior that they blamed on witchcraft. They accused two white women, Sarah Good and Sarah Osborne, as well as a slave, Tituba, of practicing witchcraft in the village. The threeRead MoreThe Main Causes Of The Puritans In The Salem Witch Trials1527 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"You’re a liar! I’m no more a witch than you are a wizard! If you take my life away, God will give you blood to drink!† This testimony is one out of the several given during the Salem Witch Trials which has become known as one of the mass hysterias to ever occur in American history. In 1692, individuals known as Puritans settled among a small village named Salem in what is now known as Massachusetts. The Pur itans spent the beginning years of their settlement confronted with epidemics such as famineRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials Essay2008 Words   |  9 Pageswomen and men. The madness continued for over four months. The notorious witch trials of Salem, Massachusetts occurred from June through September. It is a brief, but turbulent period in history and the causes of the trials have long been a source of discussion among historians. Many try to explain or rationalize the bizarre happenings of the witch hunts and the causes that contributed to them. To understand the trials and how they came to be, we must first examine the ideals and views of the peopleRead MoreThe Role Of Women During The Early American Witch Trials Essay2298 Words   |  10 Pages THE ROLE OF WOMEN IN THE EARLY AMERICAN WITCH TRIALS the role of women in the early american witch trials Puritan Societal gender biases against women prompted what was called the Witch Trials. Some trials took place in Europe around the same time, but my focus is about the trials that took place in Early America in New England. History notes these areas to be mostly in Hartford, Fairfield, and Salem. The latter being the most infamous and the most published. Although the question has been

Circus

Circus-Circus Summary Essay Circus-Circus was an unprofitable business and a small time casino when William Bennett and William Pennington purchased it in 1974 for $50,000. With a new marketing program in place and a stock offering in October of 1983, the company was rejuvenated. What it has become is a hotel/casino that is targeted mainly towards middle income gamblers as well as family oriented vacationers, but has not strayed away from the high rollers that are found in most casinos. With the focus being on many market segments, along with its amusement park type atmosphere, this company can be categorized as a broad differentiator. Most recently, to go along with their amusement park atmosphere, Circus-Circus has broke ground into developing an aquatic environment that has beaches, snorkeling reef, and a swim-up shark exhibit. 2. ww1. Financial Ratio Analysis 199719961995A. Current Ratio 151,849/129,768124,380/95,532110,923/82,000 1.17 times1.3 times1.35 timesB. Total Debt to 1,694,739/968,161/826,424/Total Assets2,729,1112,213,503 1,512,548 62%43%55%C. Asset Turnover1,170,182/ 1,299,596/ 1,334,250/2,729,111 2,213,503 1,512,548 43% 59% 88%The results for current ratio are favorable. It states that Circus-Circus can pay off their short run debt with money to spare. Total debt to total asset is also favorable showing that they do not borrow much money that is listed as an asset. Asset turnover, however, is unfavorable. It was not as bad in 1995, but they are only making back about half of what they are spending. This is most likely due to the new aquatic addition they are putting adding. 4. Circus-Circus stock has been in somewhat of a slump since mid-March when the stock was at 26, but in June of 1998, had plummeted to 16.One of the main reasons for the drop is the rumor that Hilton Hotels has planned a takeover of the business. Talks had stopped between the two in March because Circus-Circus was asking for more than Hilton was willing to pay. There are rumors circulating that the talks will continue soon because Hilton now considers the offer to be just right. This will benefit both companies due to the competition in both the hotel and casino industry.

Notes on Appeasement free essay sample

Slide 4 – Anglo – German Act of revenge on part of previous warfare against Ethiopia Inferiority complex often shown by Italy as it had no Empire League put economic sanctions but did not shut the Suez Canal- showing they did not want to provoke Italy and Britain wants Italy as Ally against Hitler Therefore there is a need for Appeasement, Britain and France were put to shame, angered Mussolini and therefore joins Hitler in taking over Austria. Diplomatic allegiance that threatens Britains security due to disarmament. (Japan, Italy and Germany) Collective security completely discredited League plays no role at all in any of succeeding crises everyone for themselves. Slide 5 Re- Occupation of Rhineland Hitler sees world is distracted and takes the opportunity and invades Rhineland and re arms it. Gamble by Hitler Army was not sent in just a few infantry. Britain wants him to get away with it. Public opinion Pacifist against war v no interest in foreign affairs This was last chance to stop Hitler. We will write a custom essay sample on Notes on Appeasement or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Slide 6 – Spanish Civil War Representative of ideological struggle in Europe as whole: Communists and socialists vs. Fascists and right wing. Britain and France Appease AGAIN!!!!! EST OF NON INTERVENTION COMMITTEE BUT DOES NOTHING BRITAIN BEGINS TO FEAR AERIAL BOMBARDMENT Slide 7 – Guernica STRIKE FEAR INTO BRITONS AND BEGIN TO RE ARM TO SECURE SAFETY OF LONDON (PUBLIC OPINION AND POLITICAL CIRCLES) STANLEY BALDWIN NO DEFENCE AGAINST THE BOMBER. MORAL PANIC. REFER TO GUERNICA IN STATISTICAL ANALYSIS. EXPECTED DEATHS CAUSED EVEN MORE PANIC Slide 8 – The Anschluss HITLER BREACHES VERSAILLE AGAIN FELT THAT THERE WAS LITTLE BRITAIN AND FRANCE COULD DO, SO APPEASED AGAIN!!! Slide 10- Czechoslovakia Wanted to take back land that was originally German But part of little entente, so makes a seperatist movement e. g. propaganda against each other Slide 13 – Appeasement If you dont negotiate with Hitler? What do you do? League of Nations a busted flush Any collective security via Empire? Empire a source of weakness, give commitments and responsibilities but not necessarily the strength to deal with those responsibility? Possibility of an alliance system against Germany? potential of a front against Hitler, Poland hates Russia and Vice Versa and czechs, not easy to form. Likliehood of provoking a war becomes increasingly more apparent Slide 14 – Defence Weaknesses Red. Britains defences 1934 penny drops, DRC formed because thought that world is no longer a peaceful place. Specifically look at defence requirements 15yrs of cuts left britain with very small army, air force not good, navy only thing that was useful. Not useful on mainland Europe. Slide 15 – Defence Weaknesses cont. Fear of German bombing was rife, need a strong air force. Even though not consistent but still at heart. 1938 rearmament really begins to take place RAF slower than bombers they needed to intercept. Needed a modern defensive. 1935 1939 Britain manages to create a modern air defence system, RAF more effective now. Makes Appeasement seem logical Slide 16 – Economic weakness Economic Consequences of going into war, just emerging out of Great depression dont want involvement in war for 2nd time in 20 yrs. Munitions are now very expensive, cost of rearmament begins to bite 40% of total govt expenditure- treasury had to borrow money, weakens the pound. Could Britain plunge back into depression? Appeasement looks like a good idea now! Slide17 – European commitments Britain has too many commitments but not enough power to keep to them. External threats to the empire are possible so do not want to exhaust all resources on Germany. Internal threats within the Empire are also rife. All hostile to any European entanglements. Specific memory of disastorious consequences of involvement in Gallipole (Austrailia and New Zealand) Slide 18 – Absence of allies No real allies within Europe in 1930s Retreatment of USA legal neutral and isolate Soviet Union? Communism worse than Nazism. Fundamentally unreliable change in govt every 6 months. (politically unstable) shocked by consequences of ww1 not willing to go out on a limb against Hitler. Slide 19 – Domestic calculation Students of Oxford Union vote that they will NOT serve King and Country. Score points for more outrageous policy score of political debate within UNI Some evidence of pacifism but not as strong as people believe. Housing led to socialists being elected and nearly unseating current Mayor. Chamberlain confident public not enthusiastic about War. In order to win war impetus for appeasement. Slide 21- failure of appeasement Lebensraum key German policy goes way beyond re taking german territory. Wants to create a german empire. Apeasement led to demand for more territory on behalf of Hitler? Kristallnacht! Horrified people, persecution of Jewish people of Germany made them feel guilty of betraying Jewish people. Slovak nationalist Seperatism allowed Hitler to invade the remains of Czechoslovakia Slide 22- Abandonment of Hitler could not be trusted and was willing to use force when necessary! 1st time in peace time introduction of limited conscription (more spending? Announces that Britain would give cast Iron gurantees to Poland etc. guarantees security. But all efforts too little too late. Chamberlain still believes that Hitler would not have guts to risk a European war. Hitler expected a short campaign. Slide 23 – Franco Russian talks Spurred on by German Italian axis. Britains Lack of common sense. British Naval conservation goes to †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ head of mis sion to be greeted by Soviets, wore medal for fighting against soviet union. Stalin has own agenda, wants russian troops in Poland, but neither can agree.

Fdi in Retail Sector India Essay Example

Fdi in Retail Sector India Essay Example Fdi in Retail Sector India Essay Fdi in Retail Sector India Essay Wall-mart plans to have 15 stores by March and enter new states like Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka. Duke, Wall-Mart’s CEO opined that FDI in retail would contain inflation by reducing wastage of farm output as 30% to 40% of the produce does not reach the end-consumer. In India, there is an opportunity to work all the way up to farmers in the back-end chain. Part of inflation is due to the fact that produces do not reach the end-consumer, a similar trend was noticed when organized retail became popular in the US. The government has added an element of social benefit to its latest plan for calibrated opening of the multi-brand retail sector to foreign direct investment (FDI). Only those foreign retailers who first invest in the back-end supply chain and infrastructure would be allowed to set up multi brand retail outlets in the country. The idea is that the firms must have already created jobs for rural India before they venture into multi-brand retailing. It can be said that the advantages of allowing unrestrained FDI in the retail sector evidently outweigh the disadvantages attached to it and the same can be deduced from the examples of successful experiments in countries like Thailand and China; where too the issue of allowing FDI in the retail sector was first met with incessant protests, but later turned out to be one of the most promising political and economical decisions of their governments and led not only to the commendable rise in the level of employment but also led to the enormous development of their country’s GDP. :

50 Writing Prompts for Elementary School Children

50 Writing Prompts for Elementary School Children Writing is a skill that every person needs in life, and developing that skill in children is an important part of elementary school studies. However, writing inspiration is not something that every student comes by easily. Like adults, many children tend to get stuck when it comes to thinking of writing ideas on their own. Weve all had writers block at one point or another in our lives, so its easy to understand the frustration students may experience. Just as athletes need to warm up their muscles, writers need to warm up their minds and creativity. Giving students writing prompts, or ideas and inspiration for writing topics, will ease their anxiety and allow them to write more freely. Elementary School Writing Prompts Allowing your students to choose a writing idea each day or each week from the 50 that are listed can provide inspiration for their creative writing.  To make this activity more challenging, encourage them to write without stopping for at least five minutes, increasing the number of minutes that they devote to writing over time. Remind your students that there is no wrong way to respond to the prompts and that they should simply have fun and let their creative minds wander. With prompts that pertain to writing about people, you might encourage students to write about multiple people, considering people in their lives and people they dont know personally. This encourages children to think more critically and consider unknown factors in the creation of their stories. You might also encourage students to think in terms of either the realistic or the fantastic. When the confines of realism are eliminated, students are free to think more creatively, which can encourage them to become more engaged in the project at hand. The person I admire the most is...  My biggest goal in life is...The best book I ever read was...The happiest moment in my life was when...When I grow up, I want to...The most interesting place I have ever been to was...Name three things you dont like about school and why.The strangest dream I ever had was...When I turn 16, I will...Who is the funniest member of your family and why?I get scared when...Five things I would do if I had more money are...What is your favorite sport and why?What would you do if you could change the world?Dear teacher, I would like to know...Dear President Washington, what was it like to be the first president?My happiest day was...My saddest day was...If I had three wishes, I would wish for...Describe your best friend, how you met, and why you are friends.Describe your favorite animal and why.Three things I like to do with my pet elephant are...The time a bat was in my house...When I become an adult, the first thing I want to do is...My best vacation was when I went to... The top three reasons that people argue are...Describe five reasons that going to school is important.What is your favorite television show and why?The time I found a dinosaur in my backyard...Describe the best present you ever received.Describe your most unusual talent.My most embarrassing moment was when...Describe your favorite food and why.Describe your least favorite food and why.The top three qualities of a best friend are...Write about what you would cook for an enemy.Use these words in a story: scared, angry, Sunday, bugs.Whats your idea of a perfect vacation?Write about why someone might be afraid of snakes.List five rules that you have broken and why you broke them.What is your favorite video game and why?I wish someone had told me that...Describe the hottest day you can remember.Write about the best decision youve ever made.I opened the door, saw a clown, and then...The last time the power went out, I...Write about five things you can do if the power goes out.If I were pre sident, I would... Create a poem using the words: love, happy, smart, sunny. The time my teacher forgot to wear shoes... If youre looking for more writing ideas, experiment with journal prompts  or ideas for writing about important people in history like Martin Luther King Jr.

Identifying and Comparing of an Audience Research Topic Area Essay

Identifying and Comparing of an Audience Research Topic Area - Essay Example At its simplest definition, comic books are usually a series of pictures and words that are actually presented in a manner that is sequential in order to create a narrative. However, comic books are currently mass-produced quickly and inexpensively (Wright, 2001; Lent, 1995; Wright, 2001; Sassiene, 1994; Schodt, 1996). Comic books can therefore be regarded as a visual piece of art in a sequential illustration presented in its own artistic vocabulary whereby they usually combine both art and writing. Therefore, according to (McCloud 2000), comic literacy is actually needed by the reader to understand the incidences that transpire between the panels (Ferraro, 2004). This paper makes use of two case studies to discuss the development and influence of comic books in the contemporary society. Despite the international popularity of the comic books, and reasonable profits attained at times, this medium of artistic presentation of ideas has experienced very little systematic review on aspec ts pertaining to its practices. There is also very little international comparative analysis of the comic books sector (Schodt, 1996). Therefore, despite the wide recognition of the comic books globally they remain poorly understood meaning that the comparative analysis of various case studies will be intensely critical in providing some key information on comic books (Krensky, 2008). This is mainly because they have a lengthy history, very popular among the young populations globally as well as their contribution towards producing some of the most recognizable cultural icons (McCloud, 2000). However, comic books are generally generational experiences as they tend to be a domain of the young people who eventually outgrows them, remember them fondly, as well as reflect on them with a combination of bewilderment and, at times concern. Therefore, each generation tends to produce its own stories and read its own comic books that primarily address issues that prevail at that particular t ime (Krensky, 2008). Most of the comic books usually emerge from the shifts that are related to interactions between culture, politics, and audience tastes, thereby helping in framing a worldview and defining a sense of identity among the generations that have grown up with such books (Wright, 2001). Thus, they have undoubtedly played a very critical role in the lives of millions of young people around the world (Medioni, 1991; Solo, 1989) For definitional purposes, there is need for categorizing the comic books separately from the comic strips. This is mainly because despite the two of these entertainment media sharing a lot of creative similarities and historical roots, there is a markedly big difference in how they are produced, packaged, distributed, as well as how the business practices are usually conducted. For instance, the production of the comic books is usually done in a magazine format and they are usually sold as standalone products whereas the comic’

Can U.K. be Described as a Homogeneous Society Essay

Can U.K. be Described as a Homogeneous Society - Essay Example The rise of industrialization, with its drawing of people into slums in large towns and cities contributed to a new set of cultural distinctions based on class, and in turn on politics, with the emergence of Labour and Tory ideologies with their focus on the interests of working and middle classes respectively. These distinctions have been eroded, somewhat, with the rise of New Labour, and the dilemmas that all advanced capitalists states face when expansion no longer seems achievable or even appropriate. Class distinctions have shifted from the defining domain of work, to that of popular culture. The media feed multiple new sub-cultures, based on tastes in clothes, music, lifestyle, entertainment etc. The influence on the media on culture is, however , not without its problems. One effect is to cater for a highly commercialised product which is targeted at maximum coverage. This is so much commercial output is commodified to the point where it appears unoriginal. Recent empirical in vestigations of the actual perceptions of people in all regions of the UK, as opposed to popular myths suggest, however, that ancient assumptions about such distinctions as race and class may no longer hold in quite the way that people imagine. The idea, much vaunted by some, that the political culture in Scotland is fundamentally different than in England, for example, has turned out not to be well founded in fact: â€Å"despite all the very plausible reasons why Scots should be different, our comprehensive comparisons suggested far more similarity than difference between those who live in Scotland and those who live in the rest of Britain.† (Miller et al., 1996, p. 369) The strands of culture that divide people are no longer based so much upon indigenous peoples, but along grounds of class, politics, gender, religion and any number of other features. In his interesting analysis of the way government and politics have developed in Britain, John Kingdom traces the countryâ₠¬â„¢s journey in the last hundred years or so from being a force of world capitalism, governing an empire consisting of many colonies in far corners of the world, to its present position as a former colonial master, still dealing with the aftermath of empire, and failing to find a comfortable position in relation to the emerging consellation of powers on the European mainland. Concepts such as the once splendid â€Å"sceptered isle† (Kingdom, 2004, p. 87) and the â€Å"Rule Britannia† complacency of previous ages no longer apply in a world which is increasingly inter-connected. The process of globalisation changes the way that people relate to both space and time, bringing distant matters close, and speeding up all the communication and trading processes that underpin the world economy. John Kingdom points out that the United Kingdom can no longer take for granted a privileged position as driver of these changes, and is now entering into a period of decline. The geogra phical island situation which was once interpreted as a distinctive and ennobling feature, becomes something much more akin to isolation or even exclusion, as the British Prime minister recently discovered during European finance negotiations. In an entirely different domain, the transition from a position of dealing with

The History of the Viola Essay Example for Free

The History of the Viola Essay The viola is not the best known instrument in the violin family. In fact, ask anyone you know that is not involved with orchestra what it is and they would blink dumbly at you. In reality, even though the violin is better known in todays society, it is possible that violas appeared before violins because the Italian word for violin, violino, is derived from the word viola, although no one knows who invented it or when it was invented. To answer anyones question on what exactly a viola is, a viola is the alto in the violin family, which evolved from the viol, an instrument with many strings that is bowed and held across the knees. They used to be called the alto-tenor violin. The viola we know today is the result of the gradual merging of the alto and tenor violas over three centuries. Most musicians did not like to play the tenor viola because it was so large in size and difficult to play because of this. So, gradually, luthiers stopped making the tenor viola. The alto violas neck was too short to play the music that was getting more difficult by the 16th century. So luthiers lengthened the neck of the alto viola in order for musicians to play a wider range of notes. The modern-day viola is about 1-3.5 inches longer than a violin, making them around 16 to 18 inches long. Today they are the only instruments that use the alto clef. Violas are not nearly as famous as the violin or cello, and they probably never will be. There are very, very, few solo violists, especially compared to the amount of solo violinists. In the ordinary orchestra, there are about three violins to every viola, and sometimes more. Composers sometimes wouldnt even bother writing a viola part. Violas would end up playing the bass part. It wasnt until the opera Orfeo, written in 1607, that violas began to become more important. Gradually, violas earned their own parts, and even get very important parts in pieces. Violas took a secondary role in the 17th and 18th centuries, even though musicians such as Mozart and Bach were both accomplished violists. It resurged with compositions like Harold in Italy in 1834 by French composer Hector Berlioz. Johnannes Brahms and Hector Schumann also wrote important pieces for violas

A History of the Cold War Essay -- The Truth About the Cold War

â€Å"As crossfire raked his body, the second boy fell back onto the strip of now churning sand. Wounded, moaning for help, he lay only 300 yards from a unit of United States troops. But the American commanding general issued orders: ‘Stand fast. Do nothing.’ Fifty-five minutes later Peter Fetcher was dead, and his body was carried away into the recesses of the city from which he had tried to escape.† This excerpt, from The Cold War: From Yalta To Cuba by Robin W. Winks shows how, despite its name, the Cold War was anything but cold. World War II is considered by most experts to have ended in 1945, when the Japanese signed an unconditional surrender to Allied powers. Although World War II ended, the Cold War was just warming up. A very big part of the Cold War was the arms race. When the United States of America dropped the first atom bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, we had displayed our power and jumped ahead in the race. This was a huge surprise to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. They grew uneasy and distrustful of the US and other hidden powers we may possess (Trueman). After World War II ended, Europe was left in shambles. The US, not nearly as devastated as the rest of the world, developed the Marshall Plan to try and rebuild Europe. While the main goal of this plan was to help Europe rise from the ashes, a secondary goal was to stop the spread of Communism that Stalin was trying to promote (Marshall). Upset and frightened by the attempt to spread American ideas, the USSR developed the Zhd anov Doctrine. This doctrine â€Å"claimed that the United States was seeking global domination through American imperialism, as well as the collapse of democracy. On the other hand, according to this Doctrine, the Sovie... ..., Ambassador. "LOOKING BACK: The 1986 Reykjavik Summit." Arms Control Association. Arms Control Association, Sept. 2006. Web. 05 Sept. 2015. Il, Theodoros, J.D.-M.A. "How Did the Cold War Start and End?" Today I Found Out RSS. Today I Found Out, 13 Nov. 2013. Web. 02 Sept. 2015. LaFeber, Walter. America, Russia, and the Cold War, 1945-1971. Second ed. New York: Wiley, 1972. Print. "The Marshall Plan." The Marshall Plan. George C. Marshall Foundation, 2009. Web. 02 Sept. 2015. "Treaty Between The US And The USSR On The Elimination Of Their Intermediate-Range And Shorter-Range Missiles (INF Treaty)." U.S. Department of State. U.S. Department of State, n.d. Web. 04 Sept. 2015. Trueman, Chris. "The Cold War." The Cold War. History Learning Site, n.d. Web. 01 Sept. 2015. Winks, Robin W. The Cold War: From Yalta To Cuba. New York: Macmillan, 1964. Print.

Regard to the play Essay

The 1st act of any play is more than just an exposition. It shows the strengths and weaknesses of the playwright clearly. Comment on this in regard to the play. There are certain aspects the playwright has to keep in mind when he writes the first act of his play. Usually, most of the first acts of plays are as already mentioned, expositions. The writer introduces the protagonist, the antagonist, the setting of the time. Moreover, not only does he set the mood for the rest of the play but he also starts building some dramatic tension between his characters and starts giving us hints about what is going to happen next. But apart from all this, the most difficult thing the playwright has to do in the first act is make it interesting and gripping. This is extremely significant because if the first act of the play is not gripping enough, the readers won’t like to go ahead. This situation is just like how, on a bad foundation, any kind of structure won’t last long and so nothing can be built upon it. So, the dramatist is supposed to catch the reader’s interest and then retain it too, making the first act almost like a mini play in itself. To make the first act attention-grabbing, the dramatist must introduce a conflict – between characters, between situations – and thus build the dramatic tension of the play. This is similar to what Ibsen did in doll’s house. He not only made the readers meet Nora Helmer but he also showed changes in her character in the first act itself. At the outset, Nora was very frivolous and perky but later in the act, she seemed a much more mature woman than one perceived before. Thus Ibsen, as a writer, managed to take his readers through all the subtle nuances in Nora’s character. This came out as Ibsen’s major strength. He showed Nora as silly yet sensible, lying yet truthful, making her character a complete rollercoaster for the readers in the first act itself. The other characters he introduced were torvald and mrs. linde. Where both these characters came to be very linear, Mrs. Linde’s role was more than just Nora’s friend. She was a foil which Ibsen introduced to make us understand Nora in a much better way by contrasting her with Mrs. Linde. Therefore, as one can see, Ibsen took so much pain, put in so much effort, only for making us relate to Nora in as much depth as possible. This was also Ibsen’s another strength which came up in the first act. It was his asset because he knew that his protagonist is unconventional since she is going to walk out on her husband and children for something which people in that time thought to be very trivial – self-respect. Therefore, he recognized the fact that he must do something to make his readers relate with Nora’s emotions and so he used the techniques of contrasting – by using mrs. linde as foil, foreshadowing – by hinting in Nora’s dialogues about what is going to happen later in the play and showing and telling and thus created such an act where if nothing, at least he left the readers curious about Nora and wanting to know more about her and about what happened to her, if not curious about the rest of the play.

Indo Anglian Literature

Indo Anglian Literature Indo Anglian Literature refers to the body of work by writers in India who write in the English language and whose native or co-native language could be one of the numerous languages of India. It is also associated with the works of members of the Indian diaspora, such as V. S. Naipaul, Kiran Desai, Jhumpa Lahiri who are of Indian descent. It is frequently referred to as Indo-Anglian literature. (Indo-Anglian is a specific term in the sole context of writing that should not be confused with the term Anglo-Indian).As a category, this production comes under the broader realm of postcolonial literature- the production from previously colonised countries such as India. History IEL has a relatively recent history, it is only one and a half centuries old. The first book written by an Indian in English was by Sake Dean Mahomet, titled Travels of Dean Mahomet; Mahomet's travel narrative was published in 1793 in England. In its early stages it was influenced by the Wes tern art form of the novel. Early Indian writers used English unadulterated by Indian words to convey an experience which was essentially Indian.Raja Rao's Kanthapura is Indian in terms of its storytelling qualities. Rabindranath Tagore wrote in Bengali and English and was responsible for the translations of his own work into English. Dhan Gopal Mukerji was the first Indian author to win a literary award in the United States. Nirad C. Chaudhuri, a writer of non-fiction, is best known for his The Autobiography of an Unknown Indian where he relates his life experiences and influences. P. Lal, a poet, translator, publisher and essayist, founded a press in the 1950s for Indian English writing, Writers Workshop.R. K. Narayan is a writer who contributed over many decades and who continued to write till his death recently. He was discovered by Graham Greene in the sense that the latter helped him find a publisher in England. Graham Greene and Narayan remained close friends till the end. Si milar to Thomas Hardy's Wessex, Narayan created the fictitious town of Malgudi where he set his novels. Some criticise Narayan for the parochial, detached and closed world that he created in the face of the changing conditions in India at the times in which the stories are set.Others, such as Graham Greene, however, feel that through Malgudi they could vividly understand the Indian experience. Narayan's evocation of small town life and its experiences through the eyes of the endearing child protagonist Swaminathan in Swami and Friends is a good sample of his writing style. Simultaneous with Narayan's pastoral idylls, a very different writer, Mulk Raj Anand, was similarly gaining recognition for his writing set in rural India; but his stories were harsher, and engaged, sometimes brutally, with divisions of caste, class and religion. Later historyAmong the later writers,Vikram Seth, author of A Suitable Boy (1994) is a writer who uses a purer English and more realistic themes. Being a self-confessed fan of Jane Austen, his attention is on the story, its details and its twists and turns. Vikram Seth is notable both as an accomplished novelist and poet. Vikram Seth's outstanding achievement as a versatile and prolific poet remains largely and unfairly neglected. Shashi Tharoor, in his The Great Indian Novel (1989), follows a story-telling (though in a satirical) mode as in the Mahabharata drawing his ideas by going back and forth in time.His work as UN official living outside India has given him a vantage point that helps construct an objective Indianness. As for the history of the gradual development of Indian drama in English, one may consult Pinaki Roy's essay â€Å"Dramatic Chronicle: A Very Brief Review of the Growth of Indian English Plays†, included in Indian Drama in English: Some Perspectives (ISBN 978-81-269-1772-3) (pp. 272-87), edited by Abha Shukla Kaushik, and published by the New Delhi-based Atlantic Publishers and Distributors Pvt. Ltd. in 2 013. Sarojini Naidu and her art of poetry; Such a gem of a work by the author, Dr.Deobrata Prasad . he has carefully assimilated all the aspects and life span of Sarojini Naidu before divulging anything. such a systematic work is rare to single out in today's era. Dr. Prasad has really taken care of every minute details prior to bringing forth such a marvel in the field of Indian English literature. This has been acclaimed as rare literary work in the literary fraternity in switzerland. Dr. prasad was even nominated as literary man of the year several times. The Guide The Guide is a 1958 novel written in English by the Indian author R. K. Narayan.Like most of his works the novel is based in Malgudi, the fictional town in South India. The novel describes the transformation of the protagonist, Raju, from a tour guide to a spiritual guide and then one of the greatest holy men of India. The novel brought its author the 1960 Sahitya Akademi Award for English, by the Sahitya Akademi, Indi a's National Academy of Letters. Railway Raju (nicknamed) is a disarmingly corrupt guide who falls in love with a beautiful dancer, Rosie, the neglected wife of archaeologist Marco . Marco doesn't approve of Rosie's passion for dancing.Rosie, encouraged by Raju, decides to follow her dreams and start a dancing career. They start living together and Raju's mother, as she does not approve of their relationship, leaves them. Raju becomes Rosie's stage manager and soon with the help of Raju's marketing tactics, Rosie becomes a successful dancer. Raju, however, develops an inflated sense of self-importance and tries to control her. Raju gets involved in a case of forgery and gets a two-year sentence. After completing the sentence, Raju passes through a village where he is mistaken for a sadhu (a spiritual guide).Reluctantly, as he does not want to return in disgrace to Malgudi, he stays in an abandoned temple. There is a famine in the village and Raju is expected to keep a fast in order to make it rain. With media publicizing his fast, a huge crowd gathers (much to Raju's resentment) to watch him fast. After fasting for several days, he goes to the riverside one morning as part of his daily ritual, where his legs sag down as he feels that the rain is falling in the hills. The ending of the novel leaves unanswered the question of whether he did, or whether the drought has really ended.The last line of the novel is ‘Raju said â€Å"Velan, its raining up the hills, I can feel it under my feet. † And with this he saged down'. The last line implies that by now Raju after undergoing so many ups and downs in his life has become a sage and as the drought ends Raju's life also ends. Narayan has beautifully written the last line which means Raju did not die but saged down, meaning Raju within himself had become a sage. The Shadow Lines The Shadow Lines (1988) is a Sahitya Akademi Award-winning novel[1] by Indian-Bengali writer Amitav Ghosh.It is a book that capt ures perspective of time and events, of lines that bring people together and hold them apart, lines that are clearly visible from one perspective and nonexistent from another. Lines that exist in the memory of one, and therefore in another's imagination. A narrative built out of an intricate, constantly crisscrossing web of memories of many people, it never pretends to tell a story. Rather it invites the reader to invent one, out of the memories of those involved, memories that hold mirrors of differing shades to the same experience.The novel is set against the backdrop of historical events like Swadeshi movement, Second World War, Partition of India and Communal riots of 1963-64 in Dhaka and Calcutta. The novel brought its author the 1989 Sahitya Akademi Award for English, by the Sahitya Akademi, India's National Academy of Letters. [2] Plot summary The novel follows the life of a young boy growing up in Calcutta and later on in Delhi and London. His family – the Datta Chaud haris – and the Prices in London are linked by the friendship between their respective patriarchs – Justice Dattachaudhari and Lionel Tresawsen.The narrator adores Tridib because of his tremendous knowledge and his perspective of the incidents and places. Tha'mma thinks that Tridib is type of person who seems ‘determined to waste his life in idle self-indulgence', one who refuses to use his family connections to establish a career. Unlike his grandmother, the narrator loves listening to Tridib. For the narrator, Tridib's lore is very different from the collection of facts and figures. The narrator is sexually attracted to Ila but his feelings are passive. He never expresses his feelings to her afraid to lose the relationship that exists between them.However one day he involuntarily shows his feelings when she was changing clothes in front of him being unaware of his feelings. She feels sorry for him. Tha'mma does not like Ila. ‘Why do you always speak for t hat whore' – She doesn't like her grandson to support her. Tha'mma has a dreadful past and wants to reunite her family and goes to Dhaka to bring back her uncle. Tridib is in love with May and sacrificed his life to rescue her from mobs in the communal riots of 1963-64 in Dhaka. Clear Light of Day Clear Light of Day is a novel published in 1980 by Indian novelist and three time Booker Prize finalist, Anita Desai.Set in Old Delhi, this book describes the tensions in a post-partition Indian family during and after childhood, starting with the characters as adults and moving back into their lives through the course of the book. While the primary theme is the importance of family, other predominant themes include the importance of forgiveness, the power of childhood, and forgiving those you are close to. Plot summary The book is split into four sections covering the Das family from the children’s perspective in this order: adulthood, adolescence, childhood, and the time pe rspective returns to adulthood.The book centers on the Das family, who have grown apart with adulthood. It starts with Tara, the wife of Bakul, India’s ambassador to America, greeting her sister Bimla (Bim), who is a history teacher living in Old Delhi as well as their autistic brother Baba's caretaker. Their conversation eventually comes to Raja, their brother who lives in Hyderabad. Bim doesn’t want to go to the wedding of Raja’s daughter, showing Tara an old letter from when Raja became her landlord, unintentionally insulting her after the death of his father in law.In part two the setting switches to partition era India, when the characters are adolescents in what is now Bim’s house. Raja is severely ill with tuberculosis and is left to Bim’s ministrations. Aunt Mira (Mira masi), their supposed caretaker after the death of the children’s often absent parents, becomes alcoholic and dies of alcoholism. Earlier Raja's fascination with Urdu attracts the attention of the family's Muslim landlord, Hyder Ali, whom Raja Idolizes. When he heals, Raja follows Hyder Ali to Hyderabad. Tara escapes from the situation through marriage to Bakul.Bim is then left to provide for Baba alone, in the midst of the partition and the death of Gandhi. In part three Bim, Raja and Tara are depicted in pre-partition India awaiting the birth of their brother Baba. Aunt Mira, widowed by her husband and mistreated by her in-laws, is brought in to help with Baba, who is autistic, and to raise the children. Raja is fascinated with poetry. He shares a close bond with Bim, the head girl at school, although they often exclude Tara. Tara wants to be a mother although this fact brings ridicule from Raja and Bim, who want to be a hero and a heroine, respectively.The final section returns to modern India and showcases Tara confronting Bim over the Raja's daughter's wedding and Bim's broken relationship with Raja. This climaxes when Bim explodes at Baba. After her anger fades she comes to the conclusion that the love of family is irreplaceable and can cover all wrongs. After Tara leaves she decides to go to her neighbors the Misras for a concert and she then decides that she will go to the wedding. The God of Small Things The God of Small Things (1997) is the debut novel of Indian writer Arundhati Roy.It is a story about the childhood experiences of fraternal twins whose lives are destroyed by the â€Å"Love Laws† that lay down â€Å"who should be loved, and how. And how much. † The book is a description of how the small things in life affect people's behaviour and their lives. The book won the Booker Prize in 1997. The God of Small Things is Roy's first book and, as of 2013, is her only novel. Completed in 1996, the book took four years to write. The potential of the story was first recognized by Pankaj Mishra, an editor with HarperCollins, who sent it to three British publishers.Roy received half-a-million pounds in advances, and rights to the book were sold in 21 countries. While generally praised, the book did receive some criticism for its verbosity and controversial subject matter. [1] The story, told here in chronological order, although the novel shifts around in time, primarily takes place in a town named Ayemenem or Aymanam now part of Kottayam in Kerala state of India. The temporal setting shifts back and forth from 1969, when fraternal twins Rahel and Estha are seven years old, to 1993, when the twins are reunited at age 31.Much of the story is written in a viewpoint relevant to the seven-year-old children. Malayalam words are liberally used in conjunction with English. Some facets of Kerala life which the novel captures are communism, the caste system, and the Keralite Syrian Christian way of life. Without sufficient dowry for a marriage proposal, Ammu Ipe becomes desperate to escape her ill-tempered father, Pappachi, and her bitter, long-suffering mother, Mammachi. She finally convi nces her parents to let her spend a summer with a distant aunt in Calcutta.To avoid returning to Ayemenem, she marries a man who assists managing a tea estate whom she later discovers to be a heavy alcoholic who physically abuses her and attempts to prostitute her to his boss so that he can keep his job. She gives birth to two children, fraternal twins, Estha and Rahel, yet ultimately leaves her husband and returns to live with her mother and brother, Chacko, in Ayemenem. Also living at their home in Ayemenem is Pappachi's sister, Baby Kochamma, whose actual name is Navomi Ipe, but is called Baby due to her young age at becoming a grand-aunt, and Kochamma being an honorific title for females.As a young girl, Baby Kochamma had fallen in love with Father Mulligan, a young Irish priest who had come to Ayemenem to study Hindu scriptures. In order to get closer to him, Baby Kochamma had become a Roman Catholic and joined a convent, against her father's wishes. After a few lonely months i n the convent, Baby Kochamma had realized that her vows brought her no closer to the man she loved, with her father eventually rescuing her from the convent, sending her to America for an education, where she obtained a diploma in ornamental gardening.Due to her unrequited love with Father Mulligan, Baby Kochamma remained unmarried for the rest of her life, gradually becoming more and more bitter over the years. Throughout the book, Baby Kochamma delights in the misfortune of others and manipulates events to bring down calamity upon Ammu and the twins. While studying at Oxford, Chacko fell in love and married an English woman named Margaret, Shortly after the birth of their daughter Sophie, Margaret reveals that she had been having an affair with another man, Joe. They divorce and Chacko, unable to find a job, returns to India.After the death of Pappachi, Chacko returns to Ayemenem and takes over his mother's business, called Paradise Pickles and Preserves. When Margaret's second hu sband is killed in a car accident, Chacko invites her and Sophie to spend Christmas in Ayemenem. The day before Margarget and Sophie arrive, the family visits a theater to see The Sound of Music, where Estha is molested by the â€Å"Orangedrink Lemondrink Man†, a vendor working the snack counter of the theater. His fear stemming from this encounter factors into the circumstances that lead to the tragic events at the heart of the narrative.On the way to the airport to pick them up, the family (Chacko, Ammu, Estha, Rahel, and Baby Kochamma) encounters a group of communist protesters. The protesters surround the car and force Baby Kochamma to wave a red flag and chant a communist slogan, humiliating her. Rahel thinks she sees Velutha, an untouchable servant that works in the pickle factory, in the crowd. Velutha's alleged presence with the communist mob makes Baby Kochamma associate him with her humiliation at their hands, and she begins to harbor a deep hatred towards him.Velut ha is an untouchable (the lowest caste in India), a dalit, and his family has served the Ipes for generations. Velutha is an extremely gifted carpenter and mechanic. His skills with repairing the machinery make him indispensable at the pickle factory, but result in resentment and hostility from the other, touchable factory workers. Rahel and Estha form an unlikely bond with Velutha and come to love him, despite his untouchable status. It is her children's love for Velutha that causes Ammu to realize her attraction to him and eventually, she comes to â€Å"love by night the man her children love by day†.They begin a short-lived affair that culminates in tragedy for the family. When her relationship with Velutha is discovered, Ammu is locked in her room and Velutha is banished. In her rage, Ammu blames the twins for her misfortune and calls them the â€Å"millstones around her neck†. Distraught, Rahel and Estha decide to run away. Their cousin Sophie Mol convinces them t o take her with them. During the night, while trying to reach the abandoned house across the river, their boat capsizes and Sophie drowns.Once Margaret Kochamma and Chacko return from Cochin, where they have been picking up airline tickets, Margaret sees Sophie's body lay out on the sofa. She vomits and hysterically berates the twins as they had survived, and hits Estha. Baby Kochamma goes to the police and accuses Velutha of being responsible for Sophie's death. She claims that Velutha attempted to rape Ammu, threatened the family, and kidnapped the children. A group of policemen hunt Velutha down and savagely beat him for crossing caste lines, the twins witnessing the horrific scene and are deeply disturbed.When the twins reveal the truth of Sophie's death to the Chief of Police, he is alarmed. He knows that Velutha is a communist, and is afraid that the wrongful arrest and beating of Velutha will cause unrest amongst the local communists. He threatens to hold Baby Kochamma respon sible for falsely accusing Velutha. To save herself, Baby Kochamma tricks Rahel and Estha into accusing Velutha of Sophie's death. Velutha dies of his injuries. Hearing of his arrest, Ammu goes to the police to tell the truth about their relationship. The police threaten her to make her leave the matter alone.Afraid of being exposed, Baby Kochamma convinces Chacko that Ammu and the twins are responsible for his daughter's death. Chacko kicks Ammu out of the house. Unable to find a job, Ammu is forced to send Estha to live with his father. Estha never sees Ammu again, and she dies alone and impoverished a few years later at the age of thirty-one. After a turbulent childhood and adolescence in India, Rahel goes to America to study. While there, she gets married, divorced and finally returns to Ayemenem after several years of working dead-end jobs.Rahel and Estha, both 31-years-old, are reunited for the first time since they were children. In the intervening years, Estha and Rahel have been haunted by their guilt and grief-ridden pasts. Estha is perpetually silent and Rahel has a haunted look in her eyes. It becomes apparent that neither twin ever found another person who understood them in the way they understand each other. The twins' renewed intimacy ultimately culminates in them sleeping together. In the last chapter of the book, ‘The Cost of Living', the narrative is once again set in the 1969 time frame and describes Ammu and Velutha's first sexual encounter.It describes that â€Å"Instinctively they stuck to the Small Things. The Big Things ever lurked inside. They knew there was nowhere for them to go. They had no future. So they stuck to the Small Things†. After each encounter, Ammu and Velutha make one promise to one another: â€Å"Tomorrow? Tomorrow. † The novel ends on the optimistic note, â€Å"She kissed his closed eyes and stood up. Velutha with his back against the mangosteen tree watched her walk away. She had a dry rose in h er hair. She turned to say it once again: ‘Naaley. ‘ Tomorrow. † References †¢ Haq, Kaiser (ed. ). Contemporary Indian Poetry.Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1990. †¢ Haq, Rubana (ed. ). The Golden Treasury of Writers Workshop Poetry. Kolkata: Writers Workshop, 2008. †¢ Hoskote, Ranjit (ed. ). Reasons for Belonging: Fourteen Contemporary Indian Poets. Viking/Penguin Books India, New Delhi, 2002. †¢ King, Bruce Alvin. Modern Indian Poetry in English: Revised Edition. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1987, rev. 2001. (â€Å"the standard work on the subject and unlikely to be surpassed† — Mehrotra, 2003). †¢ Desai, Anita. Clear Light of Day. 1st Mariner books ed ed. New York: Mariner Books, 2000. Print.

5 Differences Between Spanish and English Object Pronouns

5 Differences Between Spanish and English Object Pronouns Because both are Indo-European languages, the grammars of Spanish and English are quite similar. Even so, grammatical differences between the two languages abound. Among them is the way that object pronouns are treated. Here are five ways that Spanish deals with object pronouns in ways that might not seem familiar to English speakers: Direct vs. Indirect Pronouns In the third person, Spanish distinguishes between direct and indirect object pronouns. The English third-person object pronouns are him, her and it in the singular and them in the plural, and the same words are used whether the object is direct or indirect. (In the simplest sense, although the distinctions dont always line up in the two languages, a direct object is one that is acted upon by a verb, while an indirect object is one affected by a verbs action even though the action is directed at someone or something else.) But in standard Spanish (exceptions are explained in our lesson on leà ­smo), the pronouns are distinguished like this: Singular direct objects: lo (masculine), la (feminine).Plural direct object: los (masculine), las (feminine).Singular indirect object: le.Plural indirect object: les. So while the simple English sentences I found her and I sent her a letter use the same pronoun her, a distinction is made in Spanish. The first sentence would be La encontrà ©, where la is a direct object, while the second would be Le mandà © una carta with le being the indirect object. (Letter or carta is the direct object.) Attaching Pronouns to Verbs In Spanish, object pronouns can be attached to some verbs. The pronouns can be attached to three verb forms: infinitives, gerunds and affirmative commands. The pronoun is written as part of the verb, and sometimes a written accent is needed to maintain the correct pronunciation. Here is an example of each of the verb types with an attached pronoun: Infinitive: Voy a amarte por siempre. (Im going to love you forever.)Gerund: Seguà ­an mirndonos. (They kept on looking at us.)Command:  ¡Cllate! (You shut up!) Different Distinctions The distinction between direct and indirect objects is different in the two languages. Taking note of which verbs require the use of le or les would be beyond the scope of this lesson. But it can be said that many Spanish verbs use the indirect-object pronoun where the pronoun in English would be viewed as a direct object. For example, in the sentence Le pidieron su direccià ³n (They asked him for his address), le is an indirect object. But in English, him would be viewed as a direct object because he was the one who was asked. The same is true in Le pegà ³ en la cabeza (They hit him in the head). Using Pronouns Redundantly It is common in Spanish to use an object pronoun even when the noun represented by the pronoun is explicitly stated. Such a redundant use of the pronoun often occurs when the object is named and appears before the verb: A Chris  le gusta escuchar mà ºsica. (Chris likes listening to music. See more in the lesson on gustar.)Toda la ropa la tenemos en descuento. (We have all the clothing on sale.) Note that the redundant pronoun isnt translated to English. The pronoun also is used redundantly in some cases to add emphasis, or often because thats what sounds right to native speakers even if such use isnt mandatory: Lo conocemos bien a este seà ±or. (We know this man well.)Le dieron un regalo a la nià ±a. (They gave a present to the girl.) Using Pronouns Alone Instead of In Phrases Spanish sometimes uses an indirect object pronoun where English would use a phrase. In English we often indicate who or what was affected by a verbs action with phrases such as for me or to him. In Spanish, it may not be necessary to make a phrase. The case where doing so sounds most unfamiliar may be with the verb ser (to be). For example, in Spanish you could say No me es posible for It is not possible for me. But similar constructions are possible with other verbs as well. For example, Le robaron el dinero means They stole the money from him or They stole the money from her.

How to Identify a Target Audience for Your Book in 3 Steps

How to Identify a Target Audience for Your Book in 3 Steps How to Identify a Target Audience for Your Book in 3 Steps Don’t you feel like your book could be a massive hit, if only the right people knew about it? If there were only some way of finding your target audience, you'd be able to reach out and get your novel into their hands or e-readers.This post will lay out a method on how to identify a target audience. You will find the ‘right people’ for your book, learn to see things from their perspective, and discover the most effective channels for reaching them.If you're a self-published author, you probably don't have the resources to market to everyone. The only sensible approach is to appeal to people who are actively seeking books just like yours.   If those people love your book, word of mouth will quickly spread, and you will start to build a loyal following that eagerly awaits your next publication.  So let’s get to it! How to identify a target audience: see things from your readers' perspective Step 1 - How to identify a target audienceHow do you go about figuring out who your book is meant for? While you may have a vague idea, it’s best to be as specific as you can.That’s because when you have an exact description of one ideal reader (this includes key demographics like age, sex, hobbies, interests, location, marital status, etc.), it becomes a lot easier to find similar people and expand your target audience.To understand this better, let’s borrow a concept from the business world: the idea of a ‘proto-persona.' This is basically an imaginary person who shares many traits with your most likely customer. How is this useful for authors? Let’s find out.Creating a proto-persona for your book Facebook Advertising for Authors, by Mark Dawson: Part 2 Read post Step 3 - Hone in on your real audienceYou can only go so far with assumptions of who your readers are, what they like, where they hang out and how they behave. Once you have these assumptions, you need to test them. How exactly do you go about doing that?Testing assumptions with Facebook AdvertisingTo be a successful author you have to start thinking like an entrepreneur. How do you find out whether your book will appeal more to fans of Lee Child or James Patterson? Create two Facebook ads with the same image and a similar copy ("fans of X will love this!") and target them at these two respective target audiences. For example, if fans of Lee Child respond better to your ad (higher click-through rate), then you have your answer.You can run a similar test on your image, or on the tone and length of the text you’re using. A/B test your Facebook ads to see which performs better If you have tons of questions swimming in your head at this point, that’s understandable! Check out this insightful interview with author Mark Dawson on the Reedsy blog,  for  a fun and easy introduction to Facebook advertising for authors.What’s your niche?Use forums like Goodreads to reach people who fit the description of your proto-persona, and expand your network to start conversations and get valuable feedback from real readers. Promotional activities are mutually beneficial if you reach the right communities. In exchange for a free copy, you can ask your newly found readers to review your book.The next steps†¦Most authors and book marketers recommend choosing one or two platforms and focusing your marketing efforts on them. This is a very good idea if you’re just starting out and don’t have the bandwidth to execute a massive marketing plan.You have to hold the attention of your fans by consistently provide them with value, whether that's by releasing free short stories, or engaging them on social media.  The importance of thinking from your reader’s perspective cannot be stressed enough, only because most authors ignore it completely.A loyal following will give you real-time feedback and insights into what your fans enjoy. You’ll be surprised at the amount of traction your book gets just through word of mouth.So don’t waste any more time on directionless marketing, find out where your audience is hanging out right now!Do you have any unique methods of how to identify a target audience? How important is it to have a clear strategy for finding your audience? Leave your thoughts, comments and questions below.

Venture capital investment decisions and frameworks Dissertation

Venture capital investment decisions and frameworks - Dissertation Example This dissertation has developed a real options framework on the propensity to make CVC investments. CVC investments are viewed as containing a series of real options. The initial investment opportunity is analogous to a call option to invest. Upon exercising the call option, the investing firm acquires at least two additional real options: the abandonment option in adverse market conditions and growth options in favorable market conditions. The dissertation proposes that established firms' propensity to make CVC investments are influenced by the factors that determine the economic value of the real options embedded in CVC projects. These options value drivers include uncertainty, irreversibility, growth potential and competition. This dissertation finds strong empirical support for the real options view of CVC investment decisions. In addition, since real options are created and exercised through managerial discretion that is enabled and constrained by firm-level resources and capabi lities, this dissertation also examines how firm-level heterogeneity in resources and capabilities influence the economic value of real options and CVC investment propensity. In particular, this dissertation focuses on how resource base diversity may enhance the value of growth options and help with timely abandonment and efficient switching. The empirical analysis provides evidence for the positive effects of R&D and related knowledge base on CVC investment propensity, but does not find any statistically significant positive effect of resource base diversity on CVC investment propensity.

The difficulties that Indian learners might have in American's Essay

The difficulties that Indian learners might have in American's classroom to learn English - Essay Example Similarly, most of the languages in India have no difference between writing and pronunciation and this can result in confusion among the Indian learners in American classrooms. Thesis statement: The Indian learners in American classrooms face a number of difficulties because Indian languages (first language) alter the learner’s accent, there are differences in word order, sentence structures, sound systems, pronunciation, and these can affect the process of learning English. One can see that first language deeply influences a learner because the process of acquisition of the same is natural. Within this scenario, the first language determines a learner’s accent, and the same is related to dialectical differences within any language. For instance, if an Indian learner’s mother tongue is Hindi, his/her accent will be different from those who use English as their first language. If the Indian learner migrates to America and start learning English, the influence of first language (say, Hindi or other regional languages in India) may hinder him/her from following the native speaker’s accent in English. Shilpa S. Dave stated that, â€Å"For Asian Americans, accent is another way of pointing out that difference is a socially nuanced and a socially constructed reality† (5). If the Indian learner is totally exposed to English, he/she can easily escape from the influence of first language and can improve his/her accent related to the t arget language (English). To be specific, there are hundreds of different languages and variations of the same in India. Besides, the word order within the sentences in these languages is entirely different from English. An Indian learner is totally exposed to this word order and regularly applies it in writing and conversation. Tej K Bhatia stated that, â€Å"The order of words in a Hindi sentence is not as rigidly fixed as it is thought to be by

Manager Interview Activity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Manager Interview Activity - Essay Example - Rewarding tasks are interacting with guests that come in and meeting interesting people from all over the world. Most challenging is continuing to make sure the hotel continues to abide by the corporate franchise rules and regulations. People from corporate office will sometimes pop in for a night’s stay just to ensure everything is running smoothly and it can be tough on your nerves. More flexibility and time with family but most be available in emergency. -An open door policy with her employees. Everyone must know their tasks but then she has to sometimes delegate other people to do other jobs too in case someone calls in sick. She also said it’s important for everyone to know each other’s roles and to let them communicate in case they have schedule conflicts. Must be friendly and courteous to guests and must also reiterate to someone if a mistake is made or a problem needs solved. Holding quarterly staff meetings and sometimes meetings that are urgent just to identify a problem and discuss the solution of how it is going to work. Everyone from the housekeepers to the maintenance people and desk clerks know how to do each other’s jobs in case someone needs to fill in. - Getting attached to employees since it is a small branch and trying to find ways not to make them angry enough to quit. Halting any office gossip is also hard. Scheduling can be difficult. Not everyone is set but she remains flexible. -Be strong, friendly and respectful. Always look to bosses above you for help. Make sure you know the roles of others and are prepared to be motivated and also have to take responsibility for the whole branch. Any mistake made by an employee under her supervision reflects on her. When they mess up she gets called upon by people higher up. I was surprised to find out the manager was actually not formally educated and just had a high school diploma. When I discussed

Emetic and anti-emetic drugs

Emetic and anti-emetic drugs The Necessity Humans are fundamentally animals, and in true Darwinian fashion, survival is key. The process of emesis, or vomiting, can often be regarded as a defensive mechanism adopted by humans and other animals. One example of this is using emesis to reverse the potentially deadly mistake of eating a poisonous substance. If the bodies natural defences failed to recognise the danger of the foreign toxin in the blood stream, it may be essential to induce emesis. Hence, a need for emetic drugs arose, drugs which would stimulate the bodys natural defences and promote vomiting. However, not all vomiting is a defensive reflex, such as motion sickness, or the nausea associated with pregnancy, both of which cause no biological threat to the existence of the human. The extreme emesis suffered by chemotherapy patients is another strong cause for drugs to allow control over the vomiting process, and so the necessity for anti-emetic drugs also arose. The Emetic Response The act of emesis is in fact a fairly complex one, requiring the co-ordination of the somatic respiratory and abdominal muscles, and the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract. Two sections of the medulla function to regulate the event of emesis, the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) and the vomiting centre. The CTZ is located in the area postrema, on the floor of the fourth ventricle of the brain, and is sensitive to chemical stimuli present in the plasma. Many drugs can be used to counteract substances working on the CTZ, reaching the area of the brain via the blood stream. The blood-brain barrier around the CTZ is permeable, allowing drugs to act directly on it. The vomiting centre is, however, used to co-ordinate the actual event of emesis, regulating the movement of smooth and striated muscle. The CTZ transmits signals to the vomiting centre when a stimuli acts upon the CTZ, causing the activation of the emetic reflex. Emetic Drugs As previously stated, sometimes emesis is a desirable process, such as in the event of swallowing a toxic substance. It is also, perhaps [a bit irishly], necessary to promote vomiting in the test for anti-emetic drugs. The main emetic drug that is used is Ipecacuanha, which contains two substance, emetine and cephaeline, which irritate the gastrointestinal tract to cause the patient to vomit. However, migranes and indigestion are common side effects Motion Sickness Emesis can be induced without any influence from foreign substances within the body. Motion sickness is a prime example of this, and has no biological significance on the existence of humans. In the process of motion sickness, the labyrinth in the vestibular apparatus of the ear is moved in a certain way. This relays a signal to the floor of the fourth ventricle, but the mechanism of movement of the signal to the CTZ is yet unknown. It has been hypothesised that the cerebellum may possibly act as a second relay centre, but as the CTZ only responds to chemicals in the plasma, the synaptic pulses from the relay centres could not act directly upon it. However, although the mechanism of motion sickness is not yet fully known, many drugs for motion sickness have been designed, antagonising the H1 and muscarinic receptors. H1-receptor antagonists Histamine H1 receptor antagonists can prevent emesis by competing with histamine on the H1-receptor sites. The precise mechanism of action is yet unknown, but it has been thought that the administered antihistamine competitively blocks the H1-receptors of the vestibular apparatus, reducing sensitivity, and can act directly on the gut, which, in turn, relieves the vomiting associated with motion sickness. Furthermore, first-generation H1-receptor antagonist may also block the chemoreceptor trigger zone, and act on the nucleus of the solitary tract (brainstem) by crossing the blood-brain barrier, preventing vomiting in the patient. However, this treatment is mainly effective if administered before the onset of emesis, though may manage to help control emesis once it has began. As can be seem from the chemical structure opposite, the general structure of H1-receptor antagonists can be portrayed simply. Many first-generation antihistamines cause drowsiness as a very common side effect, d ue to the anticholinergic properties of the drug. However, this anticholinergic property can also act as an anti-emetic, making the first-generation antihistamine drugs more effective. Muscarinic-receptor antagonists Muscarinic receptor antagonists. Good for prevention of motion sickness. scopolamine (Transderm-Scop) Para4: (working on stomach) muscarinic receptor antagonist Side effects, ways it works, problems, structures, point out where it acts, and how the structure makes it act in that way. Explain how the drug interferes with the normal emesis process. Muscarinic-receptor antagonists (Chapter 7) Hyoscine active against nausea and vomiting caused by the stimuli of the labyrinth (ear), and against substances which act on the stomach directly, but not against things which act on the CTZ. (same as H1) Hyoscine is best agent for prevention of motion sickness, but less useful once sickness occurs. Effect peaks after 1-2 hours after ingestion, can also be given transdermally (via the skin like a nicotine patch), and is usually put behind the ear. Unwanted side effects: drowsiness, dry mouth. (other side effects can include blurring vision and retention of urine, but dont normally occur at the doses given for anti-emetic effects) Reference List: Hawthorn, Jan. Understanding and Management of Nausea and Vomiting, Blackwell Science, 1st Edition, 1995 Rang and Dale Bartholow, Roberts. Ipecacuanha, A Practical Treatise on Materia Medica and Therapeutics, Appleton and Company, 1908

The Never Ending Drug War Essay -- Drugs Narcotics Politics Essays

Narcotics, guns and violence, the powerful elements of the never ending war. All these elements are part of the campaign to rid the world of the disaster that drugs so ferociously have inflicted upon America. The war, created by The United States’ demand and government circumstances, has been fighting drug lords and opportunists. The United States has for the past three decades declared that it is in a full fledged attack against drugs and the violence it fosters. For decades billions and billons of dollars have been justified through the infamous War on Drugs. The drug problem has not stopped. The money and military activity have not been enough, and the â€Å"urban problem,† has not been solved. It is that our governments do not have the strategic smarts to solve the problem? The United States has the largest demand of drugs in the world. While other countries also face the drug problem, The United States has spent the most and its effectiveness is questionable. Tod ay’s â€Å"War on Drugs,† is merely the justification to the apprehension of many U.S. interest enemies and has been a loop hole to exploit many developing countries in South and Central America. The commerce that the narcotics create transcends the social, economic, political and cultural aspects. The corruption that the United States is trying to fight will not end as long as the organized corruption and demand in the United States is in existence. The demand for narcotics in the United States has remained very strong, and even increased, since the War on Drugs was declared. The United States continually points to the suppliers of the narcotics and foreign mafia bosses who run organizations as the primary causes of the difficulty of the War. It is portrayed by the media... ... Department of Health and Human Resources. 29 May 2014 . PBS Online. Frontline: drug wars. 04 Feb 2000. PBS Online, wgbh/Frontline. 27 May 2014 http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/drugs/interviews/ochoajorge.html. Robinson, Matthew B. Major Source of Data on Drug Use. JusticeBlind. 20 May 2014 . Stossel, John. Is it Time to End the War on Drugs? 30 Jul. 2004. ABCNews. 05 May 2014 Walters, John P. Drug Use Trends – Factsheet. 10 Dec. 2003 Executive Office of the President: Office of National Drug Control Policy. 27 May 2014 . Zinn, Howard. A People’s History of the United States. Monroe: Common Courage Press, 1980.

GFI Executive Report

Gracie Fay International (GIF) has an art to understand their abilities to record, classify, and summarize their financial, but they are lacking the understanding of their cost accounting systems, product costs for production of took balls, specific job order cost for special order products, and their cost information on the two models of pitching machines, which all of these areas are not being Justify on how Important cost accounting is too growing company Like GIF.These four areas will be explored In more detail in order to shed light on each activity, which will ensure that GIF Is asking a profit, correct decisions, and recognizes any corrections that need to me made. GIF must understand that cost accounting Is an Important function In their corporate strategy. Cost accounting Is known as managerial, or management accounting, which It provides economic, and financial Information In making decision for the company. Its mall objective is to provide information In ladling management to plan, direct, and control operations.It also improves these controls by supplying data on the cost incurred to each manufacturing department. The skill sets that I have will enhance GIF on many levels, and they include; full knowledge of purchasing policies, processes, and procedures, balance and reconcile records, able to research and resolve unbalance issues, have strong technical skills, solid decision making skills, and the ability to exercise independent Judgment, prioritize and plan, work activities efficiently to meet deadlines, work as a team or independently, detailed oriented, excellent oral and written communication skills, and strong mathematical skills.Cost management is used to plan, and control the company's decision process, in which reduce cost would be lower, and product value would increase for customers. It provides information that ensures management makes short, and long term decisions no matter what kinds of materials are being used, changes in plant proce ss, or in product design. Management would make these kind of decision to increase short term profits, and Improve the long term position of the company. There are three cost system that are used for manufacturing operations; Job order cost system, Process cost systems, and Activity based (BBC).Job order Is used to reduce products for specific orders, and It estimates the costs with producing the goods for different Jobs (Atkinson et. Al. 2005 p. 79) Process costing Is often used by companies that operate using continuous processing. This type of system applies the costs of production, labor and support actively as the goods pass through the different process stages. (Atkinson et al, 2005, p. 92-94) BBC has a two stages, the first stage Is cost Is allocated to pools, and the second stage Is the cost pools are allocated to products, or services. (Edmonds et al, 2006, p. 33). These septets include understanding the difference between manufacturing, and non manufacturing costs, computi ng the cost of manufacturing a product, indemnifying cost behavior when it comes to utilizing cost volume profit relationships, setting prices, budgeting, controls, and capital when it comes to the company's strategies. Transform raw materials into finished product, and the cost consist of basic materials, and components, labor, and factory overhead in order to complete a finished product. The material, and labor is classified as direct, or indirect to the finished product.To explain direct material, it is taking major components, which can be traced to the finished product. It counts these components carefully, because of the significance to the product, for example take a lawn mower its major components are the engine, wheels, and handle, but the indirect materials is those minor items like screws, nuts, bolts, washers, and lubricants, which is accounted for as factory overhead. Cost accounting also includes direct labor costs, which is all labor costs for specific work performed on products that can be conveniently and economically raced too product unit.Factory overhead is all factory costs that are indirectly related with the finished inventory. When it comes to cost behavior, the costs do not change in total, even when the product numbers increase, or decrease, and is considers to be fixed cost, an example would be rent. Other cost that a factory may incur would be known as non manufacturing cost, which includes selling, administrative, and financing costs that are deducted as expenses from the sales revenues. The manufacturing production process includes, Job shops, batch flows, etc. Which help determine the type of product cost system the company may utilize.It is understood that when making a decision its best to use estimation of costs, but management must have a good idea on how costs behave. There are several methods that management could use; the high low method, or the least square regression. When a company is setting prices there is one approac h to think about, that would be the cost plus pricing. Then the company can apply the proper markup given the competitive market conditions, and other factors, like target selling price. In equines a budget aids in planning, and controlling of the company. Master budgets consist of operating, and financial budgets.The operating budget forecast sales, while financial budget is based on data from income statement. Let not forget that budgetary control is needed, this process compares actual operating results, and to identify problem areas in order to correct the issues. In conclusion cost accounting provides products, or services that greatly benefit Gaffs management team in many areas such as, competition, downsizing, or expanding globally, therefore GIF must understand that without cost accounting in their business plan the company may not be able to expand their activities, remain profitable or improve its competitive standing. Art 2 Product Cost Variable Fixed Direct Electricity x Real Estate Taxes x Indirect Leather to tie wood together Manufacturing Labor Water x Lubricants for Machinery Equipment depreciation Electricity, and Water- is manufacturing, variable cost, because the business depends on electricity, and when sales have increased it creates more demand for more product. Real Estate Taxes, and Equipment depreciation- is fixed, because it remains instant within a relevant range of volume, or activity.

Coffee Shops and Mobile Apps

Researcher Role The researcher role in this qualitative study was to oversee the data collection process and analysis of the study. The data collection and analysis process consists of gathering and measuring themes of interest in a fashion that answer questions and evaluate outcomes. Participants The population of this study was employees and customers of coffee shops.The participants for this convenience sampled, interview study consisted of employees and customers of local coffee shops located in the Saint Paul, MN. Participants were contacted in person and asked to participate in the study. Overall 15 customers and employees were solicited. Participants were told a brief overview of the purpose of the study and presented a consent form. The consent form contained information relating to the purpose of the study and information ensuring the participant that their identity and confidentiality would not be compromised.Data Collection Technique Before collecting data, the researcher completed the required ethical training by reviewing and understanding the ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of human subjects of research. Informed Consent A walk up approach method was used to solicit prospective participants for this study. It was stressed that participation was voluntary and confidential. A letter in Appendix A was prepared for interested parties. If prospective participants did not show an interest in the interview, they could Just decline to participate and no further involvement was needed.Instruments The two data collection instruments, one for employees and one for customers, were composed six structured open-ended questions in Appendix B. The questions were designed to capture participant feelings about mobile app technology and its adaptability to coffee shops. Data Collection Data was collected through an in person structured open-ended interview. The researchers were able to interview the participant during the end of the work day by walking up to the prospective participant and asking if they had a couple of minutes to answer a couple of questions.The researcher would then ask the participant six questions and record the participant response. The interview would end with the researcher thanking the participant for their time. Data Analysis Data Analysis Technique The raw data was separated into the two instruments and analyzed by group first. Through the first pass of each questionnaire, the researcher highlighted and noted interesting thoughts from each of the individuals and then determined which comments stuck out more frequently and noticed comments that were unique but very valid points, both for and against the mobile app idea.By doing this, the researcher was able to develop themes and then make an assessment as to if the customer or employee saw potential with the app and if there was going to be a level of demand high enough to support the amount of investment and increase in resources within the coffe e shops. Data Analysis – Customers The researcher was able to get 8 customers varying in age and gender to take the 10 to 15 minutes with me to answer the 6 question questionnaire. As expected, the researcher got many similar answers to the questions however; the researcher did collect some very interesting comments that were unique.It was found that of all the customers have heard of this mobile app technology and of those, 75% said that they would use the technology if it were available. The main theme for participants who said yes was because they thought it would be a great way to save time and avoid re typically compulsive and would not want to use a telephone to order in their vehicle. The customers who answered yes agreed that they would use it for all of the items on the menu, especially the food items because those tend to take a little longer.When asked about potential complications all said they could see things going wrong particularly regarding the quality and te mperature of the pre-ordered items. A few were concerned about the actual mobile app technology staying current and functional. Another idea was to add a feature to the app to act as a reward punch card. Data Analysis – Employees The employees, on the other hand, had a bit of a different view on the functionality of having a mobile app ordering process.All seven of the employees interviewed shared the knowledge of the technology, but only 14% thought that it would work and the others thought that it only could work or it would be rather challenging to implement successfully. The employees shared the same concerns as the customer about quality and temperature however, this was more of their focus because they have certain standards they have to meet based on their business model. It was also made apparent that the majority of coffee shops business model involves face-to-face contact for suggestive selling and for customers to come in and stay a while.Many of the employees thou ght that there would have to be a dedicated member working in a distinctly different area of the store with more resources, for example more screens, a new POS system, more counter space and more employees. Some of the thoughts were that mobile app users and regular order in customers should not be forced to be in the same line. This could cause client satisfaction to be decreased. That being said the employees did have many positive things to say about the mobile app.Many thought that there would be more organization behind the counter and it could increase sales and revenue and it could reach a completely new realm of clients. Some thought that this would work great for locations with a drive thru window. Many said that this would be a great opportunity for larger orders for example when people need coffee for more than 5 people at once. The larger coffee canteens take a while to make and get ready for customer pickup especially during busy times. Lastly, to go with that it was sa id by many that they could see this working much better if there were a limited menu for the app.Limitations/Delimitation's Limitations in this exploratory research were that when trying to interview employees, there were a couple of times we were rushed or interrupted because of customers. In addition, we were limited to only the population that was in the coffee shop at that time therefore not allowing for a large demographic diversity. Population and Sampling The target population of this study consisted of customers of a coffee shop in the United States. The expected size of the sample was over 25 participants where we didn't know anything about if they even drank coffee or visited coffee shops.Also we had no idea if they were handy with mobile APS. Data Collection E-mail or a message board requests via Backbone and Linked were used for this study. This method made sure that participants knew this was voluntary and confidential. A letter on the first page of the survey was prepa red for interested parties to learn more about the study. If potential participants did not want to partake in the survey, they could disregard the request and no further contribution as needed. Instrument The data collection instrument (Appendix C) was composed mostly of quantitative closed-ended questions.